Unstable blood glucose is a deviation from normal blood glucose levels that results in either hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. Unstable blood glucose does not necessarily mean the patient is diabetic. For example, in temporary situations such as dehydration or pregnancy, blood sugar levels may return to normal when the source is resolved. That being said, unstable … Read more

Aspiration occurs when food, secretions, fluids, or other substances enter the airways of the lungs. When swallowing, the epiglottis should close over the trachea which prevents food or fluids from entering the trachea (often called the windpipe). If this mechanism fails, substances can end up in the lungs, which can cause complications such as aspiration … Read more

Ineffective airway clearance is the inability to clear secretions or obstructions from the respiratory tract. This can be detrimental to breathing and create complications. Secretions can be problematic as a result of a condition such as cystic fibrosis or related to an inability to clear secretions such as with a stroke deficit or the presence … Read more

Impaired verbal communication describes an inability to receive, relay, or process language. The reasons for this can range broadly from a language barrier to a physical barrier impeding speech. Conditions such as autism can cause developmental speech delays, while a stroke can lead to a wide array of speech deficits. Some impairments can be overcome … Read more

Hopelessness occurs when a patient sees no alternative to their situation and is unable to energize themselves to overcome obstacles. Hopelessness is often seen in healthcare as patients suffer from chronic diseases or traumatic accidents that prevent them from living life to their full ability. When patients cannot perform ADLs, maintain a career, or parent … Read more

Nonadherence occurs when a patient (family, caregiver, or guardian) fails to adhere to a healthcare provider’s recommendations or prescribed treatment plan. This can include medications, procedures, follow-up appointments, and lifestyle modifications. It is important to note that noncompliance has a negative connotation, as it refers more to a provider deciding on a suitable treatment with … Read more

Insomnia is the disruption in the amount and quality of sleep to the extent that it impairs functioning. Inadequate sleep can have detrimental effects on a patient’s physical and mental well-being. Our bodies repair themselves when we sleep, and sleep restores our mental clarity. Insomnia can be temporary and will resolve once the cause is … Read more

Acute confusion is an abrupt disruption in consciousness, attention, cognition, and perception. It is reversible and is a symptom of an underlying condition. Causes can range in severity and pinpointing the precipitating factor is important in order to treat the patient and improve confusion. The nurse’s role in acute confusion is to first ensure patient … Read more

Impaired urinary elimination can occur as a result of a physical abnormality, a sensory impairment, or as a secondary cause of a disorder or disease. Symptoms can vary widely from bladder distention to painful urination to a complete lack of bladder control. Treatment depends on the cause and can range from noninvasive interventions such as … Read more

Hyperthermia is a body temperature above 104°F (40°C). Hyperthermia occurs when the body’s thermoregulatory system fails, after being exposed to too much heat or when the body generates more heat than it can release. Heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke from long periods in high temperatures are preventable. Other causes such as … Read more